Overview
CVE-2025-20188 discloses a critical vulnerability in the Out-of-Band Access Point (AP) Image Download feature of Cisco IOS XE Software running on Wireless LAN Controllers (WLCs). This flaw allows unauthenticated, remote attackers to upload arbitrary files and execute commands with root privileges.
Technical Details
The root cause is the use of a hard-coded JSON Web Token (JWT) within the affected software. This credential grants unauthorized access to the AP image download interface. By crafting specific HTTPS requests, attackers can:
- Upload arbitrary files
- Perform path traversal
- Execute arbitrary commands as the root user
The vulnerable feature is not enabled by default, but if it is activated, the threat surface expands significantly for affected systems.
Vulnerable Versions
Affected versions of Cisco IOS XE Software include but are not limited to:
- 17.7.1 through 17.14.1
- 17.10.1b, 17.11.99SW, and several patch releases in between
CVSS Score and Severity
This vulnerability carries a CVSS v3.1 base score of 10.0, the highest possible rating, indicating full compromise potential. Vector: CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H
- Attack Vector: Network
- Attack Complexity: Low
- Privileges Required: None
- User Interaction: None
- Scope: Changed
- Impact: High confidentiality, integrity, and availability
Impact
A successful exploit allows complete system compromise, including the ability to upload and execute malicious payloads. Given that no authentication is required, the vulnerability poses a major risk, particularly in environments where the Out-of-Band AP Image Download feature is enabled.
Mitigation and Recommendations
- Disable the affected feature if not in use.
- Apply Cisco patches as referenced in the official advisory.
- Restrict external access to management interfaces via firewall rules.
- Monitor logs for suspicious file upload or command activity.
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